SIMPLE STEPS TO PROTECT THE VALUE OF YOUR HOME
Although most of our clients are concerned with the appearance and protection of older homes,
we are frequently contacted by owners of new homes experiencing chronic exterior paint failure.
It is important to know that this problem can be solved.
New home builders can easily avoid paint failure problems by taking preventive measures
during the construction phase of a house. By following several simple steps, homeowners can
ensure a high-quality, long-lasting exterior finish. Fortunately, this process seldom involves a
major additional expense.
Owners of homes with existing paint problems will benefit from understanding what causes
their paint to fail. Once these causes have been identified, they can be addressed, and future
problems can be eliminated.
The most common reason for exterior paint failure in houses built since the mid-1970 is energy
efficient, airtight construction. It seems ironic that in solving one problem, the conservation
of energy, another was created – peeling exterior paint. At the time these new, energy-efficient
homes were designed and constructed, architects and contractors did not realize all of the
consequences of these previously untested construction methods.
Recognizing that exterior paint problems have resulted from efforts to construct energy-efficient
homes, many builders have experimented with inexpensive, frequently ineffective solutions to
the problem. The most common procedure is to install a “vapor barrier” between the interior
wall and the fully-packed insulation. While in theory this barrier should be effective, it can
only function well if installed without seams and used in conjunction with constant interior
dehumidification and/or “dilution techniques”. Dilution serves to introduce dry (cold) exterior
air in an effort to moderate the level of interior humidity. We cannot help but note that these
efforts involve a considerable use of energy and capital in themselves.
The vast majority of exterior paint failures on modern homes occur in the spring, near the end
of the heating season. These failures invariably result from a high level of interior humidity
forcing its way through the walls and coming into direct contact with the cold, unpainted
interior surface of exterior siding, where it condenses. The resulting condensation soaks the
wood. Failure may be uniform or limited to specific areas of the home (normally sunny side
exhibits the most severe problem as the sun acts to “draw” the moisture against the exterior
paint film). Please note that exterior paint failure may also be a symptom of a much more
severe problem – the rotting of interior construction framework; a frequent occurrence in
the presence of moisture, warmth and darkness. Modern homes are also much more likely
to attract exterior moisture as the capillary action in the laps (edges of siding and clapboards)
draws moisture into the house.
These problems associated with airtight construction are not encountered in older homes
where the wall cavities are either empty or partially filled with insulation, thereby providing
an air channel which allows interior humidity to escape. Admittedly, these older homes are
sometimes drafty, and fuel consumption is greater, but they seldom, if ever, experience exterior
paint failure.
The interior humidity problem and its impact upon exterior painted surfaces is further
exacerbated by the broad range of moisture sources found in the modern American home.
Clothes dryers, dishwasher, saunas, whirlpools, and frequent daily showers contribute to
extremely high levels of interior moisture release. A family of four can easily release twenty
gallons of water vapor into the interior of a home in a single day! While the human body is
quick to recognize gradients of ambient temperature, we do not possess the natural ability to
sense extreme levels of humidity. It is unhealthy to reside in a high-moisture environment
and yet entirely possible for us to do so unknowingly until the paint begins to fall off the
home rapidly.
The following recommendations, received from trade professionals, have proven to be effective
in correcting exterior paint failure.
PREVENTING THE PROBLEM – PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
- Deal only with reputable professions who acknowledge that special planning is required
in the design and construction of energy-efficient homes.
- Insist that seamless vapor barriers be properly installed before wallboard or plaster is
applied. Effort should be made to avoid “leaks” such as those which occur around wall
switches and baseboard plugs.
- Consider the use of less insulation that your wall can accept – use 3” insulation
with 4” studs, 4”-5” with 6” studs. This will allow for an evaporation chamber.
Your walls will retain a much greater “R” value with 4” of dry insulation than with
6” of wet insulation.
- Rather than nail your clapboard directly onto the sheathing of your new home,
consider installing it onto vertical furring strips in order to provide an air space
of at least 1/4” between the sheathing and the back of the clapboard. As an
alternative, please consider the use of roll-type spacing material such as “Cedar
Slicker” (www.obdyke.com/html/products/slicker.html)
- Eliminate the possibility of a moist basement by providing good water drainage
and sealing all exterior foundation walls.
- Install exhaust fans vented to the exterior in kitchen, bathrooms and laundry room.
Clothes dryers and Jacuzzis must have exterior venting. Cover all standing water
when not in use (hot tub/Jacuzzi).
- If possible, plan a well-vented crawl space and/or attic with at least one sq. foot of
ventilation area for every 300 square feet. The same one sq. foot of ventilation should
be provided for every 150 square feet or crawl space. Crawl space and attic insulation
must be installed with the vapor barrier or foil side toward the living area.
- Specify that each piece of trim and siding to be used on the home’s exterior be primed
on all “six” sides with Oil or ECO Primer/Undercoat before being nailing
in place. All cuts should be sealed by carpenters with one heavy, grain filling coat of
primer/undercoat immediately before nailing. Many lumber yards and mills offer
“factory priming”. If you use this service, please insist that FPE primers be used exclusively
and confirm that they will not be over thinned – many of these pre-coating firms
use very low quality waterborne primers whose sole attribute is quick drying. (Unless
you are able to monitor activity closely at the mill, we recommend priming at the jobsite.)
- Please note that homes heated with a ducted hot-air system are much less likely to
experience problems with humidity related paint failure.
- Prime the “top side” of all floor sheathing material used between the first floor and
basement with Oil or ECO Primer/Undercoat.
POST-CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS
Don’t get unduly upset or plan on waging a successful legal battle with your architect
or builder. There are practical remedies. The following are offered as options for your
consideration:
- Determine the location and degree of the problem. Keep in mind that exterior paint failure
is not the problem, but merely the solution. A simple moisture meter will enable you or
your contractor to measure the existing level of moisture within your siding. Where
failure is particularly severe, we suggest that you arrange to have your home inspected
by a structural engineer or other person capable of measuring levels of moisture in wall
partitions. If these tests are conducted with the correct instruments, there will be little
impact upon the appearance of your home. Ideally, testing should be conducted in
late spring or early summer when moisture levels will still be near their peak. Paint
application should not begin until after July 1st.
- Install exhaust fans vented to the exterior in your kitchen, bathrooms and laundry
room. Ideally these devices will be tied into your lighting switches so that they activate
automatically when these rooms are occupied. NEVER vent exhaust devices into an attic.
- Examine all crawl spaces and attics in order to bring them up to the ventilation
specifications indicated for new construction.
- Attempt to eliminate any sources of moisture infiltration from the outside. A damp or
leaky basement can frequently be corrected by installing new external drainage and/or
ventilation devices.
- Prime all interior sides of all exterior walls with Oil or ECO Primer/Undercoat.
These alkyd primers will serve as “barrier coatings”, drastically reducing the passage of
water vapor from your home into your walls.
- Install a dehumidifier or air conditioner in your living area. Although there is an expense
involved in running this equipment, it will make your home environment healthier and
drier, and may save you thousands of dollars in maintenance expenses.
- Do not, however, bring unseasoned firewood into your house, not even in the cellar, as
a cord of green wood can be expected to release more than 200 gallons of water!
- Install vent plugs in siding channels or consider the use of the WedgeVent System™. The
WedgeVent System™ is recommended in the event that you are unable to obtain moisture
levels below 15% by natural venting. Use of WedgeVents™ can, however, create a wavy
distortion in siding.
- Remove and replace exterior wood which has already begun to rot. Such wood can
normally be detected with a pocket knife. Avoid future problems by encapsulating
new wood as recommended in pre-construction steps.
- Do not allow snow or ice to maintain contact with exterior siding for extended periods.
RECOMMENDED READING FOR OWNERS OF PROBLEM HOMES
Finishes for Exterior Wood: Selection, Application and Maintenance, by R. Sam Williams, Mark Knaebe, William Feist, 1996, 128 pp, $19.95; Forest Product Society, 2801 Marshall Ct., Madison, WI 53705-2295; 608-231-1361, ext 209.
Remedies for Common Paint Problems (flip cards), $25; The Rohm & Haas Paint Quality Institute, Box 1248, Philadelphia, PA 19105-9965; 215-592-3179; Website: www.paintquality.com.